Democracy

"Democracy" has to be one of the most over-used and badly termed words ever invented.

democracy /dĭ-mŏk′rə-sē/

Government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives. A political or social unit that has such a government. The common people, considered as the primary source of political power.

origin: From ancient Greek: dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule'). Democracy means people rule, or rule by the people. Deliberative democracy | Direct democracy |

I fact I once read a book on this; by a Marxist (oops - my mistake). It seems plausible to me, until I read a reviews to the book I'd just read which told me that was a load of BS - as Ancient Greek democracy was nowt like that and had been a total failure.

A peculiar thing about "democracy" is so many non-democratic forms of government call themselves democratic! As it everyone wants to be thought of as democratic, but barely anyone wants to be democratic. For example: North Korea, the country of is officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Is it really democratic (LOL)? This should be a massive concern Marxists because real democracy is a Marxist invention. Wikipedia - the notoriously undemocratic wiki site has a "Democracy Ranking" page. The Democracy Ranking is an index compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award, an Austria-based non-partisan organization. Each country is given an index and Norway (87.1) is top, with Switzerland (86.7) second. South Korea has an index = 70. North Korea isn't even in the rankings. The United States (self-styled home of democracy) limps in at 16th, below, even the United Kingdowm (my home), at 14th.

What do the common people have to say about democracy, where will they answer my questions?

I did some basic searches but could find very few common people disucussing democracy. For example: most websites with democracy in the url don't seem to have a public forum democracy forums does. But it's US dominated, and its logo is American too. It's going to be all about the USA, which, as previously noted, limps in at 16th in the democracy rankings. "The World Forum for Democracy" will take place at the Council of Europe, Strasbourg (France)". I think there's one each year. It seems to be an EU thing. open democracy, doesn't even seem to have a forum The International Democracy Forum aims to promote direct democray and it is an off-shoot of democracy-international.

It seems to me, a search to find the meaning of democracy should be interested in: what we know about it - books the ideal form in which it might take. AKA better democracy. There seem to be a few contenders here:

direct democracy,

real democracy,

representative democracy

voting

extending the vote

Democracy

"Democracy" has to be one of the most over-used and badly termed words ever invented.

democracy /dĭ-mŏk′rə-sē/

Government by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives. A political or social unit that has such a government. The common people, considered as the primary source of political power.

origin: From ancient Greek: dēmokratía, dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule'). Democracy mean people rule, or rule by the people.

I fact I once read a book on this; by a Marxist (oops - my mistake). It seems plausible to me, until I read a reviews to the book I'd just read which told me that was a load of BS - as Ancient Greek democracy was nowt like that and had been a total failure.

A peculiar thing about "democracy" is so many non-democratic forms of government call themselves democratic! As it everyone wants to be thought of as democratic, but barely anyone wants to be democratic. For example: North Korea, the country of is officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Is it really democratic (LOL)? This should be a massive concern Marxists because real democracy is a Marxist invention. Wikipedia - the notoriously undemocratic wiki site has a "Democracy Ranking" page. The Democracy Ranking is an index compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award, an Austria-based non-partisan organization. Each country is given an index and Norway (87.1) is top, with Switzerland (86.7) second. South Korea has an index = 70. North Korea isn't even in the rankings. The United States (self-styled home of democracy) limps in at 16th, below, even the United Kingdowm (my home), at 14th.

What do the common people have to say about democracy, where will they answer my questions?

I did some basic searches but could find very few common people disucussing democracy. For example: most websites with democracy in the url don't seem to have a public forum democracy forums does. But it's US dominated, and its logo is American too. It's going to be all about the USA, which, as previously noted, limps in at 16th in the democracy rankings. "The World Forum for Democracy" will take place at the Council of Europe, Strasbourg (France)". I think there's one each year. It seems to be an EU thing. open democracy, doesn't even seem to have a forum The International Democracy Forum aims to promote direct democray and it is an off-shoot of democracy-international.

It seems to me, a search to find the meaning of democracy should be interested in: what we know about it - books the ideal form in which it might take. AKA better democracy. There seem to be a few contenders here:

direct democracy,

real democracy,

representative democracy

voting

extending the vote

Pirani gauge. Answer to Critics.

For me, the only valid criticism of Tom Shula's interviewis that a Pirani gauge filament typically has low emissivity; ε ~ 0.05. But earth has an emissivity close to 1. Emissivity: ε ~ 0.95 (on average).

In his original presentation, Tom provided a chart with 100 mW power loss at 760 Torr (1 atmosphere). labeled with sp→(for surface pressure). The chart also showed a power loss due to radiation of just below 0.4 mW (at 0.001 Torr and less). That is the red horizontal line labeled: COMBINED RADIATIVE AND END LOSSES

Assume: with a Pirani filament of ε = 0.05, the power loss associated with IR emission = 0.4 mW. Multiply both power and emissivity by 19. 19 x 0.4 = 7.6. It's perfectly legitimate to multiply like this because emissivity is a simple scalar multiplier in the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.

So we can expect a Pirani filament of ε = 0.95 has a power loss associated with IR emission = 7.6 mW; and that this will be seen at low vacuum ≤ 0.001 Torr. [Note 0.001 = 1E-03 in the diagram]. Where the red line and green curve meet horizontally. This is the pressure where all power loss is associated with COMBINED RADIATIVE AND END LOSSES, and we assume the end losses are negligible.

Had we used a Pirani gauge with a filament, ε = 0.95 the we expect a base radiative emission of 7.6mW. This would give a similar chart to that above but the red horizontal line would pass through 7.6mW on the vertical axis, and the green curve would still meet the red line at 1E-03 = 0.001 Torr.

So:
  total power loss at 1 atmosphere (760 Torr) is 100 mW.
  power loss due to radiation is 7.6 mW

This estimate gives a radiative heat loss = 7.6% which is still far less than the 79% climate catastrophe modelers give us; although still 19 times what Tom originally estimated. It still falsifies the greenhouse effect; but less dramatically.

We can, in fact, use a Pirani gauge with a high emissivity filament (such as an oxidized alloy of nickel; 80Ni:20Cr, ε = 0.9, or 20Ni:25Cr:55Fe alloy, ε = 0.90 to 0.97 ). It just so happens that oxidized NiChrome wire is available. But we'll need to calibrate it for ourselves. We'd need to make our own chart of power used versus gas pressure. Or, at the very least, to run the experiment twice - at atmospheric surface pressure ( ~ 760 Torr), and at high vacuum of, say, 0.001 Torr (or less). At such low pressure ALL power loss is assumed to be due to IR emitted.

Or, provided we know the precise emissivity of our Pirani gauge filament, we can just scale it as I did above.